Spiral fracture cartoon12/23/2023 The normal mechanisms involved in bone healing and the factors that disrupt the normal signalling mechanisms are addressed. This Primer provides the reader with an in-depth understanding of our contemporary knowledge regarding the important features to be considered when faced with non-union. Non-union represents a chronic medical condition not only affecting function but also potentially impacting the individual's psychosocial and economic well-being. When the healing process of a fractured bone fails owing to inadequate immobilization, failed surgical intervention, insufficient biological response or infection, the outcome after a prolonged period of no healing is defined as non-union. human skeleton has remarkable regenerative properties, being one of the few structures in the body that can heal by recreating its normal cellular composition, orientation and mechanical strength. 9 Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.3 Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden Württemberg, Germany. 2 Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 1 Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. 8 AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.7 Departamento de Ortopedia Y Traumatología Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá - Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.6 Orthopedic trauma service, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.5 Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.4 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 1 Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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